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Item: 126812986564
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Circulated/Uncirculated:Circulated
Composition:Copper
Year:1791
Grade:Ungraded
Country/Region of Manufacture:Netherlands
Certification:Uncertified
VOC Copper Coin 1791 Utrecht Province Before the vanguard of the United East Indian Company the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, or VOC landed on Java in 1595, the Malay archipelago was already a booming trade zone. The East Indies now modern Indonesia was a melting pot of missionaries, traders and adventurers selling religion, spices and gold. From the earliest Indian, Chinese and Arabian merchants to the Portuguese who arrived late in 1511, the Indonesian people were no strangers to outsiders. Setting foot on Indonesian soil for the first time, the Portuguese would have found a geographically-fractured collection of volcanic islands split by warring kingdoms but joined together by a common desire for maritime trade. The islands heady perfume of exotic spices drew Spaniards, Dutch and the English to Indonesias shores in search of riches. But it was the Dutch, under the freelance flag of the VOC, who would eventually lay the foundations for the modern Indonesian state. Map of VOC presence in Indonesia: Banten, Jakarta and Yogyakarta (Java), Makassar (Sulawesi), Ternate, Ambon and Run (Maluku islands). Who Were the VOC? The Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie known to the English as the Dutch East India Company was the first ever private company owned entirely by its shareholders. It was the original multinational corporation, and the first ever company to issue stock. Over the years, the VOC stretched from America, Africa and Japan to the East Indies. Its goal: to make as much money as possible. They achieved this beyond their wildest dreams if the VOC was around today the company would be worth around $7.5 trillion (the number calculated for inflation), which is 10 times more than the present valuation of Apple or Google. But it was the VOCs desire for vast wealth and their subsequent greed that saw the company go bankrupt 200 years after it was formed. The Birth of an Empire In 1595, the first Dutch trip to the fabled Spice Islands almost ended in catastrophe. Relying on maps stolen by Dutch spies from Chinese and Portuguese traders, Commander Cornelis de Houtmans fleet of four ships made landfall in Banten, West Java more by luck than seamanship. Business didnt begin well. After killing Javanese and Portuguese traders in Banten and having a dozen of his own crew murdered off the coast of Java, it seems the VOCs later karma was set when de Houtmans men landed on nearby Madura island and murdered a local prince. But despite having lost half of his crew to murder, disease and drowning on his virgin voyage, de Houtman sailed back to Holland with exactly what he came for: a direct route to the East, spices to sell, and the promise of a fortune. Competition, Consolidation and the Formation of the Dutch East India Company By 1598 increasing numbers of Dutch fleets had set sail for the East Indies in search of cloves and nutmeg, and they began to fan out across the archipelago from Maluku to Ambon. Spices began to change hands in Amsterdam and Rotterdam at profits of over 400%. But one-off voyages were high-risk both in terms of lives lost and money gambled. After all, they werent the only adventurers after the golden spice: the English and Portuguese were in direct competition with the early Dutch expeditions. In 1602, the Dutch government copied the British trading model of the English East India Company by sponsoring the Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, or the United East Indies Company and in 1602 the VOC was born. It was to last less than 200 years. In 1610, the VOC created the post of Governor General in the East Indies and the Council of the Indies at home in Holland to oversee its private financial affairs. Back in the cities of Holland, the VOCs main shareholders the Heeren XVII, a group of 17 highly influential men made sure that they held overall control. Meanwhile in Asia, the first VOC headquarters found its feet in Ambon from 1610 to 1619. The Dutch East Indies Company was fast becoming organised and it was looking for ways to squeeze out the remaining European players. If the VOC was around today the company would be worth around $7.5 trillion (the number calculated for inflation), which is 10 times more than the present valuation of Apple or Google. Dutch East Indies, 1602-1949: Part I The VOCs role in the birth of a new Asian empire. VOC stocks A bond issued by the VOC for the amount of 2,400 florins, dating from November 7, 1623. The coast of Batavia around 1665 Dutch trading vessels and other ships off the coast of Batavia, circa 1665. City Hall, Batavia Days gone by: the Dutch City Hall and daily colonial life in old Batavia. The old Map of the Banda islands. A VOC-era map of the Banda Islands in the Maluku archipelago. Monopoly and Murder: The VOC Conquers the East Indies The Dutch VOC, now led by the infamous Jan Pieterszoon Coen, had the East Indies spice trade almost to themselves. For a band of men intent on creating enormous wealth at any cost and given no political or moral limitations by shareholders back home as to how they made it the 17th and 18th centuries were carte blanche for the VOC. Coens Dutch East India Company had free reign to sign treaties, mint their own coins, imprison and execute at will, maintain private armies, wage wars, pass laws, build forts and seize land. But the newly-formed VOC had a thorn in its side. In 1604, a second English East India Company fleet had sailed to the spice markets of Ternate, Tidore, Ambon and Banda and by 1617 had set up trading posts from Kalimantan to Sumatra in direct competition with the Dutch VOC. The response was brutal. First, Coen and his men ransacked the West Javanese port-town of Jayakarta in 1619, renamed it Batavia (later Jakarta) and established their new VOC headquarters from its smoking ruins. Meanwhile on the other side of Indonesia, Coen had also quickly recognised the importance of the Banda Islands as the only place in the world that grew the highly precious nutmeg tree mother of nutmeg and mace. His VOC routed the small group of English settlers who had already begun trade on the tiny island of Run. And after Coen had signed a deceptive agreement with local sultans, the VOC secured the rest of the Banda Islands in 1621 with the execution of over 14,000 local inhabitants to ensure a ruthless Dutch stranglehold over the globes only source of nutmeg. Two years later, in faraway Ambon where representatives of the Dutch East India Company had signed a pact with its British competitors ten members of the English East India Company were tortured and beheaded by the VOC in 1623. Both the Banda Island and Amboyna massacres were pivotal in leading to the quiet withdrawal of the English traders to the relative safety of India and China. Indonesias lucrative Spice World was now in the steel grip of the feared Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie. How the Dutch Traded Manhattan for Nutmeg By the time the Dutch East India Company had been formed, nutmeg had already become the Number One spice in Europe. Considered an aphrodisiac and narcotic, it also disguised the stench of rotten meat and was chosen as The Cure for Europes dark years of the bubonic plague. Nutmeg came at a price: European consumers paid 68,000 times its original cost at the worlds only source: the far-away Banda Islands of Indonesia. But the VOC had a problem over the nutmeg monopoly in the Banda Islands and had control of all but one island, the tiny island of Run. English traders had beaten them there. The VOC attacked Run in 1616, and after four epic years of resistance by a joint English-Bandanese force, the VOC were finally able to take the last Banda Island. But the English didnt forget easily and pressed for their claim to Run through two more Anglo-Dutch wars. At last it was agreed. The English would give up tiny Run for another insignificant, VOC-held island on the other side of the world Manhattan, home of Nieuw Amsterdam now modern New York.
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